1. Table Salt (Sodium Chloride) NaCl
Sodium chloride is an ionic compound found in various foods and medical treatments. More commonly referred to as “salt” or “table salt,” sodium chloride is used as a seasoning in many foods.Medically, sodium chloride solutions are used in catheter flush injections or intravenous infusions, and for cleaning objects such as contact lenses in the form of saline. Sodium chloride inhalation can remove certain bacteria in body secretions.Salt is important in many ways. It is an essential part of the diet of both humans and animals and is a part of most animal fluids, such as blood, sweat, and tears. It aids digestion by providing chlorine for hydrochloric acid, a small but essential part of human digestive fluid. Persons with hypertensive heart disease often must restrict the amount of salt in their diet.
Chemical and Physical Properties
- Molar mass
- 58.44277 g/mol
- Appearance
- White or colorless crystals or powder
- Odor
- Odourless
- Density
- 2.16 g/cm³, solid
- Melting point
- 801 °C
- Boiling point
- 1465 °C (1738 K)
- Solubility in water
- 35.9 g/100 mL (25 °C)
Sodium chloride is readily soluble in water and insoluble or only slightly soluble in most other liquids. It forms small, transparent, colorless to white cubic crystals. Sodium chloride is odorless but has a characteristic taste. It is an ionic compound, being made up of equal numbers of positively charged sodium and negatively charged chloride ions. When it is melted or dissolved in water the ions can move about freely, so that dissolved or molten sodium chloride is a conductor of electricity; it can be decomposed into sodium and chlorine by passing an electrical current through it.
2.Sugar (Sucrose) C12H23O11
Sucrose is a sweetener in many beverages, such as soft drinks and energy drinks, and in sweets. You can also use sucrose as a tabletop sweetener for coffee, tea and fruit. Alternatives to using sucrose are to choose naturally sweet foods, such as fruit, or foods with non-nutritive sweeteners, such as sucralose, aspartame or saccharin. The American Heart Association recommends that women limit their intake of added sugar to 100 calories per day or 6 grams of sugar, and men should limit their intake to 150 calories per day or 9 grams of sugar.
Physical Properties of Sucrose
In its pure state, sucrose is fine and colorless. It is odor-free and is a crystalline powder with a sweet taste. Sucrose is not damaged by air. The large crystals that produce rock candy are formed from water solutions of sucrose. At 186 degrees Celsius, sucrose will melt and decompose and yields a caramel formation.
Chemical Properties of Sucrose
Sucrose finely divided is hygroscopic (changed or altered by the absorption of moisture) and can absorb up to 1% of moisture. Sucrose does not reduce Fehling's soln, form an oszone, or show mautarotation. Dil acids and invertase (yeast enzyme) will hydrolyze sucrose to glucose and fructose. It is fermentable but will resist bacterial decomposition highly concentrated. Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen make up the compound of sucrose when combined.
3.Rubbing Alcohol (Ethanol) C2H6O
Ethanol is used extensively as a solvent in the manufacture of varnishes and perfumes; as a preservative for biological specimens; in the preparation of essences and flavorings; in many medicines and drugs; as a disinfectant and in tinctures (e.g., tincture of iodine); and as a fuel and gasoline additive (see gasohol). Many U.S. automobiles manufactured since 1998 have been equipped to enable them to run on either gasoline or E85, a mixture of 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline. E85, however, is not yet widely available. Denatured, or industrial, alcohol is ethanol to which poisonous or nauseating substances have been added to prevent its use as a beverage; a beverage tax is not charged on such alcohol, so its cost is quite low. Medically, ethanol is a soporific, i.e., sleep-producing; although it is less toxic than the other alcohols, death usually occurs if the concentration of ethanol in the bloodstream exceeds about 5%. Behavioral changes, impairment of vision, or unconsciousness occur at lower concentrations
Chemical and Physical Properties
- Boiling point 173°F
- Less toxic than gasoline / methanol
- Carcinogenic compounds not present in pure ethanol
- Greatest hazard as motor fuel
- component is flammability:
Its properties allows the alcohol when used to clean and kill germs and when applied on hands it causes the hand to feel cool or cold.
- – Wider flammable range than gasoline: (3.3–19%)
4.Baking Soda (Sodium Bicarbonate) NaHCO3
Chemical and Physical Properties
Sodium bicarbonate is a white, water-soluble powder. It is soluble at 7.8 grams of powder to 100 grams of water. The powder is extremely fine and has a crystalline shine. Commercially, sodium bicarbonate can also come in granule form or compressed capsules.Sodium bicarbonate is odorless. It is, however, recommended not to attempt to smell this chemical as inhalation may cause sneezing and coughing. Not only is sodium bicarbonate odorless, but also it is used as an odor neutralizer. People sprinkle it anywhere from feline litter boxes to sports shoes to reduce odor.The density of sodium bicarbonate is 2.159 grams per cubic centimeter.The melting point of sodium bicarbonate is 60 degrees Celsius, or 140 degrees Fahrenheit. This chemical does not have a boiling point, nor does it have a flash point as it is non-combustible. It will decompose at temperatures over 70 degrees Celsius.Sodium carbonate is a stable chemical as long as it is stored properly. When combined with certain acids, such as monoammonium phosphate or a sodium-potassium alloy, a dangerous amount of carbon dioxide is created. It is recommended to avoid moisture and heat when storing.
Its properties allows the baking soda when used to rise like in cakes.
5.Mothball's (Naphthalene) C10H8
Naphthalene is primarily used in the United States in the production of plastics, dyes, resins, lubricants, and fuels. As a pesticide, most naphthalene is used to control moths in indoor storage areas. Products are also registered to repel squirrels, bats and other animals in attics, around structures and gardens. Uses for individual products containing naphthalene vary widely. Always read and follow the label when applying pesticide products.
Chemical and Physical Properties
- Naphthalene is a white crystalline or colorless to brown solid. Naphthalene has a distinct aromatic odor.3,6
- Vapor pressure1: 0.087 mmHg
- Octanol-Water Partition Coefficient (log Kow)1: 3.29
- Henry's constant1: 4.6 x 10-4 atm·m3/mol
- Molecular weight1,3: 128.18 g/mol
- Solubility (water)7: 3 mg/100 mL (30 mg/L) at room temperature
- Soil Sorption Coefficient (Koc)3: Values from 200-1470 have been reported worldwide in a variety of soil types.
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